ABCD score, in TIA, 47–50
ABCD-DM2 score, in TIA, 47–50
Abdominal obesity
cerebral infarction and, 54–55
stroke and, 28–29
ACAS (Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study), 122
ACCESS study, 10
ACCOMPLISH (Avoiding Cardiovascular Events through Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension), 18
ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes), 20
Acetazolamide reactivity, 72
Action research arm test, for rehabilitation, 147
Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD), 20
Activated partial thromboplastin time, for anticoagulant therapy, in cerebral venous/venous sinus occlusion, 138–139
ACTIVE (Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events), 23
ACTIVE W study, 23
Activities of daily living, rehabilitation for, 156–158
with cognitive impairment, 173–175
in convalescent phase, 153–154
with decreased physical fitness, 175–177
with osteoporosis, 177–178
in prognosis prediction, 149–150
with upper limb impairment, 161–163
Acute cerebral infarction, 32–45
Acute phase, of rehabilitation, 146, 150–153
Aerobic exercise, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Agnosia, rehabilitation for, 17–17
AHA (American Heart Association), antihypertensive therapy guidelines of, 10
Airway management
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80
for stroke, 9
Albumin, for cerebral infarction, 38–40
Alcohol consumption
cerebral infarction and, 53–54
intracerebral hemorrhage and, 75–77
subarachnoid hemorrhage risk in
in transient ischemic attack, 46–50
Alexia, rehabilitation for, 173–175
ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial), 16–17, 20
Alpha blockers, for urinary disturbances, 170–171
Alteplase. See Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA, alteplase)
Alzheimer's disease, 142–143
Ambulation, early, 151
American Heart Association, antihypertensive therapy guidelines of, 10
Amitriptyline, for central pain, 167–168
Amlodipine, for stroke prevention, 16–18
Amphetamine, for motor impairment rehabilitation, 157
Amyloid angiopathy, cerebral, 139–140
Ancrod, for cerebral infarction, 40
Aneurysm(s), cerebral
arteriovenous malformations with, 89
dissecting, 103, 130–133
identification of, 101–102
ruptured
risk for, 126
treatment of, 107–110
treatment of
conservative, 113–115
endovascular, 110–113
follow-up in, 112
initial, 102–105
multimodal, 109
perioperative management in, 109–110
procedures for, 108–109
ruptured, 107–110
selection of methods for, 106–107
timing of, 107–108
unruptured, 125–128
unruptured
diagnosis of, 124–125
early actions for, 125
natural history of, 125–126
treatment of, 125–128
Angiomas
cavernous, 94–95
venous, 95–96
Angioplasty, for cerebral infarction, 44, 72
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
for cerebral infarction prevention, 50–51, 68–69
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 78
for stroke prevention, 16–19
for stroke treatment, 10
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
Angiotensin-receptor blockers
for cerebral infarction prevention, 51
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 78
for stroke prevention, 17, 18
Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA), 17
Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA), 21
Ankle-foot orthosis, for gait training, 159–161
Anterior tibial muscle transfer, for gait training, 159
Anticardiolipin antibodies, cerebral infarction and, 56–57
Anticholinergics, for urinary disturbances, 170–171
Anticoagulants
for arterial dissection, 130–132
for asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, 120–121
for cerebral aneurysms, 112–113
for cerebral arterial dissection, 45
for cerebral infarction prevention, 63–67
for cerebral infarction treatment, 36–37
for cerebral venous/venous sinus occlusion, 46, 138–139
intracerebral hemorrhage due to, 96–98
for moyamoya disease, 134
for thrombosis, in patent foramen ovale, 136–138
AnTicoagulation and Risk factors in ATrial fibrillation (ATRIA) study, 65
Anticonvulsants
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 83–84
for moyamoya disease, 134
Antidepressants
after cerebral infarction, 68
for depressive state, 179–180
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 83–84
Antiepileptics
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 81, 83
for moyamoya disease, 134
Antifibrinolytic agents, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Antihypertensive(s)
for asymptomatic cerebral infarction, 117–118
for asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, 120–121
for cerebral infarction prevention, 50–51
for chronic kidney disease, 29–30
for hypertensive encephalopathy, 141
for intracerebral hemorrhage prevention, 75–77
for intracerebral hemorrhage treatment, 78–79
for moyamoya disease, 134–135
for stroke prevention, 16–19
for stroke treatment, 9–10
for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), 16–17, 20
Antihypertensive Treatment in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH) trial, 78–79
Antioxidants, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Antiphospholipid syndrome, cerebral infarction and, 56–57
Antiplasmin agents, 61, 77–78
Antiplatelet therapy. See also specific agents
for aortitis syndrome, 141
for arterial dissection, 130–132
for asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, 120–121
for carotid stenosis/occlusion, 122–123
for cerebral arterial dissection, 45
for cerebral artery stenosis, 121–122
for cerebral infarction
acute, 37–38
asymptomatic, 117–118
chronic, 58–63
intracerebral hemorrhage and, 76–77, 96–98
for moyamoya disease, 134–135
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
Antipyretics
for cerebral infarction, 41
for stroke, 12–13
Antithrombin-III, in thrombophilia, 58
Antithrombolytic therapy, for arterial dissection, 130–132
Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration (ATT), 59
Anxiety, with cerebral aneurysms, 125
Aorta, dissection of, cerebral infarction with, 45–46
Aortitis syndrome, 140–141
Aphasia, rehabilitation for, 171–175
Apnea-hypopnea index, stroke and, 27
Apolipoprotein E, in cerebral aneurysms, 126
Apraxia, rehabilitation for, 173–175
ARBs. See Angiotensin-receptor blockers
Argatroban, for cerebral infarction, 36–37
Arms, impairment of, rehabilitation for, 161–163
Arrhythmias, in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Arterial dissection
headache in, 14
medical treatment of, 130–131
surgical treatment of, 131–133
Arteriovenous fistulas, dural, intracerebral hemorrhage in, 92–93
Arteriovenous malformations
aneurysms with, 89
asymptomatic, 123–124
intracerebral hemorrhage in, 88–92
natural history of, 89
in pediatric patients, 90
risk factors for bleeding in, 89
surgical treatment of, 89–90
Artery-to-artery embolism, 61
Arthritis, in rehabilitation, 151
Artificial respiratory management, 9, 80
Arundic acid, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
ASCOT-BOLA (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm), 17
ASCOT-LLA (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm), 21
Ashworth Scale and Modified Ashworth Scale, for rehabilitation, 147–148
Asian Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration trial, 21
Aspiration, during swallowing, 168–170
Aspiration pneumonia
in dysphagia, 13–14
prevention of, 68–69
Aspirin
for atrial fibrillation, 23–25
for cerebral infarction
acute, 37–38
with antiphospholipid syndrome, 56–57
asymptomatic, 117
with atrial fibrillation, 55
with hypertension, 51
preventive, 58–61, 63–67
for thrombosis prevention, 41–43
intracerebral hemorrhage due to, 96–98
for moyamoya disease, 134–135
for thrombosis, in patent foramen ovale, 136–138
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142–143
ASPREE trial, 143
Assessment methods, for rehabilitation, 147–149
Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study, 122
Asymptomatic cerebrovascular diseases, 116–128
cavernous angiomas, 94–95
cerebral arteriovenous malformations, 123–124
cerebral infarction, 117–118
cervical/intracerebral vascular stenosis/occlusion, 121–123
dural arteriovenous fistula, 92–93
intracerebral hemorrhage, 120–121
moyamoya disease, 135
unruptured cerebral aneurysms, 124–128
venous angiomas, 95–96
white matter lesions, 118–120
ATACH (Antihypertensive Treatment in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage) trial, 78–79
Atenolol, for stroke prevention, 17
Atherosclerosis
of cerebral artery, 121–122
of cervical carotid artery, 122–123
Atherothrombotic cerebral infarction
antiplatelet therapy for, 58–63
brain edema in, 39–40
incidence of, 31
Atorvastatin
for cerebral infarction prevention, 52–53
for cerebral infarction treatment, 32, 48
for stroke prevention, 21
ATRIA (AnTicoagulation and Risk factors in ATrial fibrillation) study, 65
Atrial fibrillation
cerebral infarction in, 55
inhibition of, 17
nonvalvular, cerebral infarction in, 36–37
stroke in, 23–25
transient ischemic attack and, 46–50
ATT (Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration), 59
Attention disturbances, rehabilitation for, 173–175
Avoiding Cardiovascular Events through Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension (ACCOMPLISH), 18
Baclofen, for spasticity, 163–166
Balloon dilatation, for dysphagia, 168–170
Bandage, for shoulder impairment, 166–167
Barthel Index, for rehabilitation, 147–148
Basal ganglia hemorrhage, 85
BAT (Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy) study, 61, 65
Batroxobin, for cerebral infarction, 40, 56
Bed rest, complications of, 151
Benazepril, for stroke prevention, 18
Berg balance scale, for rehabilitation, 147
Beta blockers
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 78
for stroke prevention, 16–19
for stroke treatment, 10
Biofeedback
for gait training, 159
for urinary disturbances, 171
Bladder training, for urinary disturbances, 170–171
Bleeding. See also Hemorrhage
gastrointestinal
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 81
in stroke, 12
repeat. See Rebleeding
in small amounts. See Microbleeds
Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy (BAT) study, 61, 65
Blood pressure. See also Hypertension; Hypotension
alterations in, in rehabilitation, 151
control of
in cerebral aneurysm repair, 109
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 78–79
in stroke, 9–10
in thrombolytic therapy, 33
Bobath method, 157
Body mass index, cerebral infarction and, 54–55
Bone atrophy, rehabilitation for, 177–178
Borden classification, for dural arteriovenous fistulas, 92–93
Botulinum toxin
for shoulder impairment, 166–167
for spasticity, 163–166
Brain
edema of
in cerebral infarction, 39–40
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 80–81
in stroke, 11
tumors of, intracerebral hemorrhage with, 96
Brain Check-Up screening program, 117
Brainstem
cavernous angiomas of, 94–95
compression of, 43–44
hemorrhage of, 85–88
Breath-holding swallowing, 168–170
Bridging activity, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Brunnstrom method, 157
Brunnstrom stage, 147–148
Budralazine, contraindicated for intracerebral hemorrhage, 79
Bupleurum powder, for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 143
Burr hole surgery, for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Bypass procedures
for cerebral artery stenosis, 121–122
for cerebral infarction, 72–73
for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Cadralazine, contraindicated, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 79
Calcium antagonists
for cerebral infarction, 38–39
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 78
for stroke prevention, 16–19
for stroke treatment, 10
Calcium supplements, for osteoporosis, 177–178
Candesartan, for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142
Candesartan Antihypertensive Survival Evaluation in Japan (CASE-J), 17
Capillary stabilizers, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 77–78
CAPRIE (Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk for Ischaemic Events), trial, 59–60
CARAT (Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture After Treatment) study, 106
Carbamazepine, for central pain, 167–168
Cardioembolic stroke
antiplatelet therapy for, 63
in atrial fibrillation, 36–37
brain edema in, 39–40
incidence of, 31
Cardiomyopathy, Tako-Tsubo, in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Cardiovascular Health Study, for asymptomatic cerebral infarction, 117
CARDS (Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetic Study), 19, 21
CARE (Cholesterol Current Events) study, 20
Carotid artery
cervical
revascularization of, for cerebral infarction, 44
stenosis/occlusion of, 122–123
internal, dissection of, 130–131
stenting of, for cerebral infarction prevention, 70–72
Carotid endarterectomy
for carotid stenosis/occlusion, 122–123
for cerebral infarction prevention, 69–70
for cerebral infarction treatment, 44
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
CAS (carotid artery stenting), for cerebral infarction prevention, 70–72
CASE-J (Candesartan Antihypertensive Survival Evaluation in Japan), 17
CASISP (Cilostazol versus Aspirin for Secondary Ischaemic Stroke Prevention), 60
Catheterization, for urinary disturbances, 17
Caudate nucleus hemorrhage, 86
Cavernous angioma, intracerebral hemorrhage in, 94–95
Cavernous sinus, arteriovenous fistula in, 92–93
Central pain, rehabilitation for, 167–168
Cerebellum
cavernous angiomas of, 94–95
hemorrhage of, 84–88
infarction of, 43–44
Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture After Treatment (CARAT) study, 106
Cerebral aneurysms. See Aneurysm(s), cerebral
Cerebral angiography
for dural arteriovenous fistula, 92–93
for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
for vasospasm, 114
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations. See Arteriovenous malformations
Cerebral artery
dissection of, 45
middle, rt-PA administration to, 35–36
stenosis of, 121–122
Cerebral circulation and metabolism enhancers, 67–68
Cerebral herniation, 9
Cerebral infarction. See Infarction, cerebral
Cerebral venous occlusion, 46, 138–139
CHADS score, 23, 66
CHARISMA (Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance) trial, 47–50, 61
Chedoke-McMaster stroke assessment, for rehabilitation, 147
Chlorthalidone, for stroke prevention, 16–17
Cholesterol, control of, for cerebral infarction prevention, 52–53
Cholesterol Current Events (CARE) study, 20
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CIT), 19
Cholinergic drugs, for urinary disturbances, 170–171
Cholinesterase inhibitors, for vascular dementia, 142–143
Chronic cerebral infarction, 50–73
Chronic kidney disease, stroke and, 29–30
Chronic phase, of rehabilitation, 146, 154–156
Cilostazol
for cerebral infarction prevention, 58–63, 68–69
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
Cilostazol Stroke Prevention Study (CSPS), 60, 63
Cilostazol versus Aspirin for Secondary Ischaemic Stroke Prevention (CASISP), 60
Cimetidine, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 81
Circle of Willis, moyamoya disease of. See Moyamoya disease
CIT (Cholesterol Treatment Trialists), 19
Citalopram, for depression, 68
Citicoline, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Clipping, of cerebral aneurysms, 108–109
Clopidogrel
for atrial fibrillation, 23
for cerebral infarction prevention, 58–61
for cerebral infarction treatment, 32, 37–38
intracerebral hemorrhage due to, 96–98
for moyamoya disease, 135
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial, 47–50, 61
Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk for Ischaemic Events (CAPRIE) trial, 59–60
Clotting factors, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 77–78
Coating, of cerebral aneurysms, 108–109
Cognitive behavioral therapy, for depressive state, 179–180
Cognitive impairment
rehabilitation for, 173–175
vascular, 142–143
Coil embolization, for cerebral aneurysms, 110–113, 127
Cold therapy, for spasticity, 163–166
Cold-water stimulation of left ear, for hemispatial neglect, 173–175
Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetic Study (CARDS), 19, 21
Communication disorders, rehabilitation for, 171–172
Community rehabilitation, in chronic phase, 154–156
Compensatory exercises, for cognitive impairment, 173–175
Complications, 12–13. See also specific complications
Compression stockings
for cerebral infarction, 41–43
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 82
Computed tomography
for cerebral infarction, 43–44
for unruptured cerebral aneurysms, 124–125
Computed tomography angiography
for aortitis syndrome, 140–141
for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Congenital thrombophilia, cerebral infarction and, 58
Constraint-induced movement therapy, for spasticity, 164
Continuous hemofiltration, intracerebral hemorrhage and, 99
Convalescent phase, of rehabilitation, 146, 153–154
Coronary artery disease, prevention of, 20–22
Corticosteroids
for antiphospholipid syndrome, 57
for aortitis syndrome, 140–141
for cerebral infarction prevention, 56–57
for cerebral infarction treatment, 40–41
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80–81
for shoulder impairment, 166–167
Cost-effectiveness analysis, of unruptured cerebral aneurysm treatment, 127
Cough reflex test, 168–170
Craniectomy, decompression, for cerebral infarction, 43–44
Craniocervical junction, arteriovenous fistula in, 93
Craniotomy
for arteriovenous malformations, 123–124
for cerebral aneurysms, 127
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 85–86, 99
CSPS (Cilostazol Stroke Prevention Study), 60
CT. See Computed tomography
Cyanoacrylate glue, for arteriovenous malformations, 90
Cycle ergometers, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Dabigatran
for cerebral infarction prevention, 66
for stroke prevention, 23–24
Danaparoid, for cerebral infarction, 36–37
Dantrolene sodium, for spasticity, 163–166
Davis neurodevelopmental exercise, 157
Day-care rehabilitation, in chronic phase, 154–156
DECIMAL study, of cerebral infarction, 43–44
Decompression craniectomy, for cerebral infarction, 43–44
Deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity lesions, 119
Deep brain stimulation, for central pain, 167–168
Deep venous thrombosis
in cerebral infarction, 41–43
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 82
in patent foramen ovale, 136–138
Defibrase, for cerebral infarction, 40, 56
Defibrillation, for atrial fibrillation, 55
Defibrinogenation therapy, for cerebral infarction, 40, 56
Delayed vasospasm, in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 114–115
Dementia, vascular, 142–143
Depressive state
in cerebral aneurysms, 125
in cerebral infarction, 68
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 83–84
rehabilitation for, 173–175, 179–180
white matter lesions in, 119
Desmoteplase, for cerebral infarction, 32
DESTINY study, of cerebral infarction, 43–44
Detrusor dysfunction, 170–171
Dextran, for cerebral infarction, 40–43
Diabetes mellitus
control of, for cerebral infarction prevention, 51–52
intracerebral hemorrhage and, 76
kidney disease with, 29–30
stroke and, 19–20
Dialysis, intracerebral hemorrhage and, 98–99
Diazepam, for spasticity, 163–166
Diet, for intracerebral hemorrhage prevention, 75–77
Digital substraction angiography, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Dipyridamole, for cerebral infarction, 48, 59–60
Direct clipping, of cerebral aneurysms, 108–109
Dissection
of aorta, cerebral infarction with, 45–46
arterial
headache in, 14
medical treatment of, 130–131
surgical treatment of, 131–133
of cerebral artery, 45
Disturbances
attention, 173–175
intellectual, 173–175
urinary, 170–171
Diuretics
for cerebral infarction prevention, 50–51
for cerebral venous/venous sinus occlusion, 138–139
for stroke prevention, 16–19
for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Dome/neck ratio, of aneurysms, 111
Donepezil, for Alzheimer's disease, 142–143
Doppler evaluation, for vasospasm, 114
Drinking. See Alcohol consumption
DSA (digital substraction angiography), for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Dural arteriovenous fistula, intracerebral hemorrhage in, 92–93
Duraplasty, for cerebral infarction, 43–44
Dyslipidemia
cerebral infarction and, 52–53
kidney disease with, 29–30
stroke and, 20–22
Dysphagia
aspiration pneumonia prevention in, 68–69
rehabilitation for, 168–170
in stroke, 13–14
EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial), 63
Early use of eXisting PREventive Strategies for Stroke study (EXPRESS), 47–50
EAS (encephaloarteriosynangiosis), for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Eating, dysphagia in, 168–170
Ebselen, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
ECASS III study, 8, 9, 34
EC-IC (extracranial-intracranial) bypass, for cerebral infarction, 72–73
ECST study, of cerebral infarction, 48
Edaravone
for cerebral infarction, 37–39
for moyamoya disease, 134
Edema, brain
in cerebral infarction, 39–40
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 80–81
in stroke, 11
EDO Trial for antiplatelet therapy, 37
EDS (encephalodurosynangiosis), for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Education, family and patient
for rehabilitation, 156
for urinary disturbances, 170–171
Efonidipine, for stroke prevention, 17
Eicosapentaenoic acid, for cerebral infarction prevention, 52–53
Elbow, impairment of, rehabilitation for, 161–163
Electrical stimulation
deep brain, 167–168
for depressive state, 179–180
functional, 157, 159, 166–167
transcranial, 179–180
transcutaneous, 163–166
for upper arm impairment, 161–163
Electro-acupuncture, for spasticity, 164
Electrotherapy stimulation, for upper arm impairment, 161–163
Embolism, artery-to-artery, 61
Embolization
for arteriovenous malformations, 89–90, 123–124
for cerebral aneurysms, 110–113, 127
for dural arteriovenous fistulas, 92–93
of parent artery, 111
Emotional behavior disorders, rehabilitation for, 173–175
EMS (encephalomyosynangiosis), for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Encephaloarteriosynangiosis, for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Encephalodurosynangiosis, for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Encephalomyosynangiosis, for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Encephalopathy, hypertensive, 141
Endarterectomy, carotid. See Carotid endarterectomy
Endovascular treatment
for aortitis syndrome, 141
for arterial dissection, 131–133
for cerebral aneurysms, 110–113
for dural arteriovenous fistula, 92–93
Enteral feeding, in dysphagia, 68–69, 168–170
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), for cerebral infarction prevention, 52–53
Eprosartan, for cerebral infarction prevention, 51
Equinovarus foot, gait training for, 159–161
Ergometers, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Escitalopram, for depression, 68
ESPRIT (European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial), 47–50, 61
État criblée (dilated perivascular spaces), detection of, 117–118
Ethanol nerve block, for spasticity, 163–166
Etidronic acid, for osteoporosis, 177–178
European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT), 63
European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial (ESPRIT), 47–50, 61
Evaluation methods, for rehabilitation, 147–149
Executive impairment, rehabilitation for, 173–175
Exercise(s)
for cognitive impairment, 173–175
for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
for depressive state, 179–180
for dysphagia, 168–170
for gait disorder, 159–161
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 82
for osteoporosis, 177–178
in rehabilitation, 151
for shoulder impairment, 166–167
for spasticity, 163–166
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
for upper arm impairment, 161–163
for urinary disturbances, 171
EXPRESS (Early use of eXisting PREventive Strategies for Stroke) study, 47–50
Extracorporeal circulation, for cerebral infarction, 40
Extracranial-intracranial bypass
for cerebral artery stenosis, 121–122
for cerebral infarction, 72–73
Facilitation techniques, 157
Factor VIIa, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 77–78
Falls, prevention of, in osteoporosis, 177–178
Family education, for rehabilitation, 156
Famotidine, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 81
Fasudil, for vasospasm, 114–115
FES. See Functional electrical stimulation
Fever
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 82
in stroke, 12–13
Fibrinogen-lowering therapy, for cerebral infarction, 40, 56
Fibrinolytic therapy, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 112
Fibromuscular dysplasia, 140
Fibular nerve stimulation, for gait training, 159
FIM (Functional Independence Measure), 147–148
Fitness, decreased, rehabilitation for, 175–177
Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing, 168–170
Flexor hallucis longus transfer, for gait training, 159
Fluoxetine
for depressive state, 68, 179–180
for motor impairment rehabilitation, 157
Folic acid
for cerebral infarction prevention, 57
for osteoporosis, 177–178
FOOD trial report, on dysphagia, 169
Foot, equinovarus, gait training for, 159–161
Foramen ovale, patent, thrombosis due to, 136–138
Force-use therapy, for shoulder impairment, 166
4S (Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study), 20–22
Fraxiparine, for cerebral infarction, 36–37
Fresh frozen plasma
for anticoagulant excess, 96–98
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 77–78
Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, for rehabilitation, 147–148
Functional electrical stimulation, 157
for gait training, 159
for shoulder impairment, 166–167
Functional Independence Measure, 147–148
Gait training, 155, 159–161
for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
for spasticity, 164
Galantamine, for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142–143
Gastrointestinal bleeding
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 81
in rehabilitation, 151
in stroke, 12
Gastrostomy tube, for dysphagia, 68–69, 168–170
Gavestinel, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Glasgow Coma Scale, 42, 46
Glioblastomas, 96
Glucose control
in cerebral infarction prevention, 51–52
in stroke prevention, 19–20
Glucose tolerance, physical fitness rehabilitation for, 175–177
Glue, for arteriovenous malformations, 90
Glutamic acid receptor antagonists, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Glycerol
hypertonic
for cerebral infarction, 39–40
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80–81
for stroke, 11
for moyamoya disease, 134
GOS (Glasgow Coma Scale), 42, 46
Group therapy, for speech disorders, 171–172
Guidelines. See Japanese Guidelines
Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension, 7–8
HAMLET study, of cerebral infarction, 43–44
HAS-BLED risk score, 66
Headache, in stroke, 14
Heart failure, in CHADS score, 23
Heart Protection Study, 19, 20
Heart rate coefficient, in decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Heat therapy, for spasticity, 163–166
Hematocrit, reduction of, for cerebral infarction prevention, 56
Hematomas
in amyloid angiopathy, 139–140
cisternal, vasospasm due to, 114–115
Hemiparesis, rehabilitation for
in chronic phase, 155
with decreased physical fitness, 175–177
with motor impairment, 156–158
with osteoporosis, 177–178
with shoulder impairment, 166–167
with spasticity, 163–166
upper limb, 161–163
Hemispatial neglect, rehabilitation for, 173–175
Hemodialysis, intracerebral hemorrhage and, 98–99
Hemodilution
for cerebral infarction, 40
for vasospasm, 114
Hemorrhage. See also Bleeding
intracerebral. See Intracerebral hemorrhage
in moyamoya disease, 135–136
subarachnoid. See Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Hemostatic agents, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 77–78
Heparin
for anticoagulant excess, 96–98
for arterial dissection, 130–131
for cerebral infarction prevention, 63
for cerebral infarction treatment, 36–37, 41–43
for cerebral venous/venous sinus occlusion, 138–139
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 82
low-molecular-weight, for cerebral infarction, 36–37
Heparinoid, for cerebral infarction, 36–37
Herniation, cerebral, 9
Hess and Hunt scale, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 100–101
Histamine-2 receptor antagonists, for gastrointestinal bleeding, 12
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. See Statins
Home-based rehabilitation, 15, 154–156
Homocysteine excess, cerebral infarction and, 57
HOT Study, 19–20
HPS (Heart Protection Study), 19, 20
Hunt and Kosnik classification, of subarachnoid hemorrhage, 100
Hydralazine, contraindicated, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 79
Hydrocephalus
in cerebellar infarction, 43–44
in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 113
Hydroxyethyl starch, for cerebral infarction, 40
Hydroxyvitamin D3, for osteoporosis, 177–178
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
for cerebral infarction, 41
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80
Hypercholesterolemia
cerebral infarction and, 52–53
kidney disease with, 29–30
stroke and, 20–22, 52–53
Hyperdynamic therapy, for vasospasm, 114–115
Hyperglycemia
correction of, 10–11
in rehabilitation, 151
Hyperhomocysteinemia, cerebral infarction and, 57
Hypertension (intracranial), in intracerebral hemorrhage, 80–81
Hypertension (systemic)
artificial, for vasospasm, 114
control of. See also Antihypertensive(s)
for intracerebral hemorrhage prevention, 75–77
for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142–143
intracerebral hemorrhage in, 77–82
non--salt-sensitive, 7
prevention of, 82–83
in stroke, 16–19
subarachnoid hemorrhage risk in, 101–102
white matter lesions in, 119
Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET), 18
Hypertensive encephalopathy, 141
Hyperthermia, in rehabilitation, 151
Hypertonic glycerol
for cerebral infarction, 39–40
for intracerebral hermorrhage, 80–81
for stroke, 11
Hyperventilation, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80
Hypocholesterolemia, intracerebral hemorrhage and, 75–76
Hypoglycemia, correction of, 10–11
Hyponatremia
prevention of, in cerebral aneurysm repair, 109
in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 113
Hypotension, drug-induced, for cerebral aneurysm repair, 109
Hypothermia
for cerebral infarction, 41
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 81–82
therapeutic, 12–13
HYVET (Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial), 18
Ibudilast, for cerebral infarction prevention, 61, 67–68
Ifenprodil, for cerebral infarction prevention, 61, 67–68
Immunosuppressive agents, for amyloid angiopathy, 139
Incontinence, urinary, rehabilitation for, 170–171
Indapamide
for cerebral infarction, 48
for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142
Infarction, cerebral, 31–73
acute, 32–45
anticoagulants after, 63–67
anticoagulants during, 36–37
antidepressants after, 68
antiphospholipid syndrome and, 56–57
antiplatelet therapy after, 58–63
antiplatelet therapy during, 37–38
aortic dissection with, 45–46
artery-to-artery embolism, 61
aspiration pneumonia prevention after, 68–69
asymptomatic, 117–118
atherothrombotic, 31
atrial fibrillation control after, 55
brain edema in, 39–40
carotid artery revascularization for, 44–45
carotid artery stenting after, 70–72
carotid endarterectomy after, 69–70
carotid endarterectomy during, 44
in cerebral arterial dissection, 45
cerebral circulation and metabolism enhancers for, 67–68
in cerebral venous/venous sinus occlusion, 46
chronic, 50–73
classification of, 31
corticosteroids for, 40–41
decompressive craniectomy for, 43–44
diabetes mellitus control after, 51–52
dyslipidemia control after, 52–53
extracranial-intracranial bypass for, 72–73
fibrinogen-lowering therapy after, 56
fibrinogen-lowering therapy during, 40
headache in, 14
hematocrit lowering after, 56
hemodilution therapy for, 40
hyperbaric oxygen therapy for, 41
hyperhomocysteinemia control after, 57
hypertension control after, 50–51
hypothermic treatment for, 41
incidence of, 31
lifestyle changes after, 53–54
metabolic syndrome and, 54–55
neuroprotective agents for, 38–39
noncarotid artery stenting after, 72
obesity and, 54–55
outcomes of, 31
prevention of, 32, 46–67
rehabilitation for, 153
silent, 116–120
thrombolytic therapy for, 32–36
thrombophilia and, 58
thrombosis prevention in, 41–43
transient ischemic attack before, 46–50
Infections
in stroke, 11–13
subarachnoid hemorrhage risk in, 102
Insulin resistance, stroke and, 28–29
Intellectual disturbance, rehabilitation for, 173–175
INTERACT (Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage) trial, 78
Intermittent pneumatic compression, for cerebral infarction, 41–43
International Medical Information Center, in guideline development, 3
International Stroke Trial (IST), for anticoagulants, 36–37
International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms, 126–127
International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage, 74, 85
Intracerebral hemorrhage, 74–99
anticoagulant-induced, 96–98
in arteriovenous malformation, 88–92
asymptomatic, 120–121
in brain tumor, 96
in cavernous angioma, 94–95
chronic, management of, 82–84
in dural arteriovenous fistula, 92–93
hypertensive
brain edema in, 80–81
gastrointestinal bleeding management in, 81
hypothermia for, 81–82
nonsurgical treatment of, 77–82
respiratory management in, 80
seizure control in, 81
surgical treatment of, 84–88
thrombosis prevention in, 82
incidence of, 74
mortality in, 74
prevention of, 75–77
rehabilitation for, 153
in renal failure, 98–99
surgical treatment of, 74
in venous angioma, 95–96
Intracranial cerebral artery stenosis, 121–122
Intracranial hemorrhage, in thrombolytic therapy, 33–34
Intracranial hypertension, in intracerebral hemorrhage, 80–81
Intraventricular hemorrhage, 85–88
Ipriflavone, for osteoporosis, 177–178
Irbesartan, for atrial fibrillation, 23
Ischemia
in arterial dissection, 130–133
after cerebral aneurysm treatment, 112
in moyamoya disease, 133–136
IST(International Stroke Trial), for anticoagulants, 36–37
J-ACT (Japan Alteplase Clinical Trial), 32, 34–35
JAM (Japanese Adult Moyamoya Trial), 136
Japan Alteplase Clinical Trial (J-ACT), 32, 34–35
Japan Atherosclerosis Society
in guideline development, 5
guidelines for prevention of atherosclerosis, 21
Japan Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Trial (JAST), 23
Japan Coma Scale, 152–153
Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS), 52–53
Japan Lipid Intervention Trial (J-LIT), 21
Japan Multicenter Stroke Investigator's Collaboration Study (J-MUSIC), 23
Japan Neurological Society, in guideline development, 1
Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease (JPHC Study), 25
Japan Stroke Scale, 147–148
Japan Stroke Society
in guideline development, 1
"Guidelines for appropriate intravenous thrombolytic therapy using rt-PA," 32
Japan Stroke Scale, 147–148
Japanese Adult Moyamoya Trial (JAM), 136
Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine
evaluation methods of, 147–149
in guideline development, 1, 3
guidelines changes of, 145–146
Japanese Circulation Society, in guideline development, 5
Japanese Conference on Surgery for Cerebral Stroke classification, 74
Japanese Diabetes Society, in guideline development, 5
Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke 2004
development of, 1–6
on rehabilitation, 145–146
therapies available in, 31–32
Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke 2009
development of, 1–6
organization structure of, 3–4
on rehabilitation, 145–146
Japanese Investigation of Kinetic Evaluation in Hypertensive Events and Remodeling Treatment (JIKEI HEART) study, 17
Japanese Rhythm Management Trial for Atrial Fibrillation (J-RHYTHM), 24
Japanese Society for Detection of Asymptomatic Brain Diseases
Brain Check-Up program of, 117
white matter lesion definition of, 119
Japanese Society of Hypertension
in guideline development, 5
Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension, 7–8, 17, 50–51
hypertension guidelines for, 19–20
Japanese Society of Nephrology, in guideline development, 5
Japanese Society of Neurological Therapeutics, in guideline development, 1
Japanese Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, in guideline development, 5
Japanese Stroke Data Bank, 7
Japanese Trial to Assess Optimal Systolic Blood Pressure in Elderly Hypertensive Patients (JATOS), 7–8, 17
JAST (Japan Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Trial), 23
JATOS (Japanese Trial to Assess Optimal Systolic Blood Pressure in Elderly Hypertensive Patients), 7–8, 17
JCS (Japan Coma Scale), 152–153
J-curve phenomenon
in alcohol consumption, 53–54
in hypertension, 50–51
JELIS (Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study), 52–53
JET study, 72
JIKEI HEART (Japanese Investigation of Kinetic Evaluation in Hypertensive Events and Remodeling Treatment) study, 17
J-LIT (Japan Lipid Intervention Trial), 21
J-MARS post-marketing alteplase study, 35
J-MUSIC (Japan Multicenter Stroke Investigator's Collaboration Study), 23
Joint angle biofeedback, for gait training, 159
JPHC (Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease) study, 25
J-RHYTHM (Japanese Rhythm Management Trial for Atrial Fibrillation) study, 24
JSS (Japan Stroke Scale), 147–148
Kallidinogenase, contraindicated, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 79
Keio Cooperative Stroke Study, 86
Kidney dysfunction
intracerebral hemorrhage and, 76, 98–99
stroke and, 29–30
KLIS (Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study), 20
KYOTO HEART study, 18
Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study (KLIS), 20
Lactate threshold, in decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Lacunar infarction, 117–118
antiplatelet therapy for, 58–63
incidence of, 31
rehabilitation for, 153
Lamotrigine, for central pain, 167–168
Language disorders, rehabilitation for, 171–172
Lansoprazole, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 81
Lateral putaminal hemorrhage, 84–88
Leg ergometer, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Leg massage, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 82
Levodopa, for motor impairment rehabilitation, 157
LIFE (Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension Study), for stroke prevention, 17
Lifestyle changes
for cerebral infarction prevention, 53–54
for chronic kidney disease, 29–30
for intracerebral hemorrhage prevention, 75–77
for stroke prevention, 25–26
for TIA, 46–50
LIPID (Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease), 20
Lisinopril, for stroke prevention, 16–17
Lobal hemorrhage, 83–88
Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID), 20
Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension Study (LIFE), for stroke prevention, 17
Low-molecular-weight heparin, for cerebral infarction, 36–37, 41–43
Lumboperitoneal shunt, for cerebral aneurysms, 113
Magnesium, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Magnetic resonance angiography
for aortitis syndrome, 140–141
for dural arteriovenous fistula, 92–93
for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
for unruptured cerebral aneurysms, 124–125
Magnetic resonance imaging
for asymptomatic cerebral infarction, 117
for venous angiomas, 95–96
for white matter lesions, 119
Malnutrition
prognosis with, 11
in rehabilitation, 151
Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with recent TIA or ischemic stroke (MATCH) trial, 47–50, 60
Management of Elevated Cholesterol in the Primary Prevention Group of Adult Japanese (MEGA) study, 20
Mannitol
for cerebral infarction, 39–40
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80–81
for stroke, 11
MAS (Modified Ashworth Scale), for rehabilitation, 147–148
MATCH (Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with recent TIA or ischemic stroke) trial, 47–50, 60
Mathew scale, for rehabilitation, 147
Mecobalamin, for osteoporosis, 177–178
Medical Research Council/British Heart Foundation Heart Protection Study, 19
MEGA (Management of Elevated Cholesterol in the Primary Prevention Group of Adult Japanese) study, 20
MELT-Japan Trial, 32
Memantine, for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142–143
Memory impairment, rehabilitation for, 173–175
Menatetrenone, for osteoporosis, 177–178
Mendelsohn maneuver, for dysphagia, 168–170
Metabolic syndrome
cerebral infarction and, 54–55
stroke and, 8, 27–28
white matter lesions in, 119
Metastasis, to brain, intracerebral hemorrhage in, 96
Methylphenidate, for motor impairment rehabilitation, 157
Mexiletine, for central pain, 167–168
Microbleeds
in amyloid angiopathy, 139–140
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 76, 120–121
Milnacipran, for depressive state, 179–180
Milrinone, for vasospasm, 115
Mini-mental state examination, for rehabilitation, 147
Modified Rankin scale (mRS), 127
Monitoring unit, in stroke care, 15
Monosialoganglioside GM1, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Morbidity and Mortality after Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention (MOSES) trial, 51
Mortality
in anticoagulant therapy, 97
in arteriovenous malformations, 123
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 74
stroke care unit effects on, 15
in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 100
MOSES (Morbidity and Mortality after Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention) trial, 51
Motor impairment, rehabilitation for, 156–158
Moyamoya disease
asymptomatic, 135
treatment of
hemorrhagic, 135–136
medical, 134–135
surgical, 133–134
MRA. See Magnetic resonance angiography
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging
Multidisciplinary team, for rehabilitation, 150–152, 174
Multiple burr hole surgery, for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Muscle(s), strength training for, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Muscle atrophy, 151
spastic, rehabilitation for, 163–166
strengthening exercises for, 154–155
Myoelectric biofeedback, for gait training, 159
Nafamostat, 99
NASCET study, of cerebral infarction, 48
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, 31, 148
National Stroke Association, antihypertensive therapy guidelines of, 10
Neck flexion exercise, for dysphagia, 168–170
Neglect, hemispatial, rehabilitation for, 173–175
Nerve block, for spasticity, 163–166
Neurodevelopmental exercise, 157
Neuroprotective agents, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Neurotomy, peripheral, for spasticity, 164
Nicaraven, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Nicardipine, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 78–79
Nicergoline
for cerebral infarction prevention, 61, 67–68
for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142–143
Nicotine replacement therapy, 25–26
NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), 148
Nilvadipine
for asymptomatic cerebral infarction, 118
contraindicated for intracerebral hemorrhage, 78
Nimodipine
for cerebral infarction, 38–39
for stroke, 10
for vasospasm, 114
Nitrates, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 78
NMDA receptor inhibitors, for vascular dementia, 142–143
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
for shoulder impairment, 166–167
for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142–143
Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
cerebral infarction in, 36–37
stroke in, 23–25
Normothermia, with antipyretics, for cerebral infarction, 41
Northern Manhattan Study, 119
Nortriptyline, for depressive state, 68, 179–180
Nottingham Health Profile and Motor Assessment Scale, for rehabilitation, 147
NSA (National Stroke Association), antihypertensive therapy guidelines of, 10
NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Number needed to treatment of, with aspirin, for cerebral infarction, 37–38
Nutrition
dysphagia and, 168–170
for stroke, 10–11
supplementation of, 10–11
NXY-059 radical scavenger, for cerebral infarction, 32, 38–39
Obesity. See also Metabolic syndrome
cerebral infarction and, 54–55
increase in, 7
stroke and, 28
Occlusion
cerebral venous, 46, 138–139
of cerebral vessels, 121–123
of circle of Willis, 133–136
of parent artery, for cerebral aneurysms, 108–109
venous sinus, 46, 138–139
Occupational rehabilitation, 154–156
Occupational therapy, 154–155
Omeprazole, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 81
Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET), 17, 51
Optokinetic stimulation, for hemispatial neglect, 173–175
Orthosis, for spasticity, 163–166
Osteoporosis, rehabilitation for, 177–178
Outcomes, prediction of, 149–150
Outpatient rehabilitation, in chronic phase, 154–155
Oxygen consumption, in decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Oxygen therapy
hyperbaric, for cerebral infarction, 41
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80
for stroke, 9
Ozagrel sodium
for cerebral infarction, 36–38
for moyamoya disease, 134
for vasospasm, 114–115
Pain, central, rehabilitation for, 167–168
Pain management, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Papaverine, for vasospasm, 114–115
Paradoxical thrombosis, 136–138
Partial targeted embolization treatment, for arteriovenous malformations, 90
Passive smoking, stroke and, 25–26
PATE (Pravastatin Antiatherosclerosis Trial in the Elderly), 20
Patent foramen ovale, thrombosis in, 136–138
Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study, 137
Patient education, for rehabilitation, 156
Pediatric patients
arteriovenous malformations in, 90
cavernous angiomas in, 94–95
moyamoya disease in, 134
Pelvic floor muscle exercise, for urinary disturbances, 171
Pentastarch, for cerebral infarction, 40
Percutaneous angioplasty
for cerebral infarction prevention, 72–73
for vasospasm, 114–115
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, for dysphagia, 168–170
Perindopril
for cerebral infarction, 48
for stroke prevention, 17
for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142
Perindopril Protection against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS), 48, 50–51, 75–76, 83
Peripheral neurotomy, for spasticity, 164
Peritoneal dialysis, intracerebral hemorrhage and, 98–99
Perivascular spaces, dilated, detection of, 117–118
Periventricular hyperintensity white matter lesions, 119
Petrosal sinus, arteriovenous fistula in, 92–93
Pharynx, stimulation of, for dysphagia, 168–170
Phenol nerve block, for spasticity, 163–166
Physical fitness, decreased, rehabilitation for, 175–177
Physiotherapy, definition of, 154
Pioglitazone, for cerebral infarction, 32, 51–52
Piracetam, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Piroxicam, for shoulder impairment, 166
Pituitary apoplexy, in brain tumor, 96
Plasma expander, for cerebral infarction, 40
Plasminogen abnormalities, in thrombophilia, 58
Platelet transfusions, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 77–78
Pneumonia
aspiration
in dysphagia, 13–14, 168–170
prevention of, 68–69
in rehabilitation, 151
PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation), 157
Positioning, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80–81
Pravastatin Antiatherosclerosis Trial in the Elderly (PATE), 20
Pravastatin in Elderly Individuals at Risk of Vascular Disease (PROSPER), 20
Prednisolone
for aortitis syndrome, 141
for shoulder impairment, 166
Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) trial, 47–50, 51, 60
Prism glasses, for hemispatial neglect, 173–175
PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macro Vascular Events) trial, 19, 52
Procedural memory learning, 173–175
PRoFESS (Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes) trial, 47–50, 60
Prognosis, prediction of, 149–150
PROGRESS (Perindopril Protection against Recurrent Stroke Study), 48, 50–51, 75–76, 83
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, 157
PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macro Vascular Events (PROactive) trial, 19, 52
PROSPER (Pravastatin in Elderly Individuals at Risk of Vascular Disease), 20
Prostacyclin
for cerebral infarction, 37–38
for stroke, 10
Protamine, for anticoagulant excess, 96–98
Protein C abnormalities, in thrombophilia, 58
Protein S abnormalities, in thrombophilia, 58
Prothrombin complex
for anticoagulant excess, 96–98
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 77–78
Prourokinase, for cerebral infarction, 35–36
Proximal occlusion, of parent artery, for cerebral aneurysms, 108–109
Pulmonary embolism
in cerebral infarction, 41–43
prevention of, in intracerebral hemorrhage, 82
Putaminal hemorrhage, 84–88
Quality of life, with unruptured cerebral aneurysms, 127
Radical scavengers, for cerebral infarction, 32, 38–39
Radiotherapy
for arteriovenous malformations, 123–124
for dural arteriovenous fistulas, 92–93
stereotactic
for arteriovenous malformations, 90, 123–124
for cavernous angiomas, 94–95
Ramipril
for cerebral infarction prevention, 51
for stroke prevention, 17
Randomised Evaluation of Long-term anticoagulation therapY (RE-LY) trial, 23–24, 66
Range of motion exercises
for shoulder impairment, 166–167
for spasticity, 163–166
Ranitidine
for gastrointestinal bleeding, 12
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 81
Rankin scale, modified, 127
REACH (REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health) registry, 65
Rebleeding
from cerebral aneurysms
prevention of. See Aneurysm(s), cerebral, treatment of
statistics on, 113
in moyamoya disease, 135–136
Reboxetine
for depression, 68
for motor impairment rehabilitation, 157
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA, alteplase), 8, 32
for cerebral infarction, 32–35
for cerebral venous/venous sinus occlusion, 138–139
contraindications to, 32–33
institutional standards for, 33–34
monitoring of, 33
treatment regimen for, 33
Recovery exercises, for cognitive impairment, 173–175
REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry, 65
Rehabilitation, 145–180
for activities of daily living, 156–158
in acute phase, 146, 150–153
for central pain, 167–168
in chronic phase, 146, 154–156
for cognitive impairment, 173–175
complications developing in, 150–152
in convalescent phase, 146, 153–154
for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
for depressive state, 179–180
for dysphagia, 168–170
for each subtype, 152–153
evaluation for, 147–149
flow of, 146
for gait disorder, 159–161
goals for, 154
guideline changes in 2009, 145–146
home-based, 15, 154–156
for motor impairment, 156–158
occupational, 154–156
for osteoporosis, 177–178
patient/family education in, 156
phases of, 146
policy changes for, 145–146
predicting prognosis in, 149–150
for shoulder paralysis, 166–167
for spasticity, 163–166
special stroke unit for, 8, 14–16, 150–152
for speech disorder, 171–172
for upper limb impairment, 161–163
for urinary disturbances, 170–171
RE-LY (Randomised Evaluation of Long-term anticoagulation therapY) trial, 23–24, 66
Renal disorders
intracerebral hemorrhage and, 76, 98–99
stroke and, 29–30
Repetitive saliva swallowing test, 168–170
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, for central pain, 168
Respiratory infections, after cerebral infarction, 68–69
Respiratory management
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80
for stroke, 9
Rest, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Retention, urinary, rehabilitation for, 170–171
Revascularization
for aortitis syndrome, 140–141
for cerebral infarction, 44–45
for moyamoya disease, 133–134, 136
Rhizotomy, selective, for spasticity, 164
Risedronic acid, for osteoporosis, 177–178
Rivaroxaban, for stroke prevention, 25
Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin D Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF), 25
Rivastigmine, for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 142–143
ROCKET AF (Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin D Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation), 25
ROM exercises
for shoulder impairment, 166–167
for spasticity, 163–166
Rood method, 157
Rotterdam Scan Study
for asymptomatic cerebral infarction, 117
for white matter lesions, 119
rt-PA. See Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA, alteplase)
SAPPHIRE trial, 71
Sarpogrelate, for cerebral infarction prevention, 61
Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), 20–22
Scandinavian Stroke Scale, 15
Scavengers, radical, for cerebral infarction, 32, 38–39
Scottish Intracranial Vascular Malformation Study, 92
SCU (stroke care units), 8, 14–16
Sedation, for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Seizures
in arteriovenous malformations, 90
in intracerebral hemorrhage, 81, 83, 90
in rehabilitation, 151
in stroke, 13
in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, for depressive state, 179–180
Selective thrombin inhibitors, for cerebral infarction, 36–37
Selfotel, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, for depressive state, 179–180
Shaker (neck flexion) exercise, 169
Shoulder, impairment of, rehabilitation for, 161–163, 166–167
Shoulder-hand syndrome, 166
SICHPA (Stereotactic Treatment of ICH by Means of a Plasminogen Activator), 85
Sigmoid sinus, arteriovenous fistula in, 92–93
Silent brain infarction, 116–120
Simvastatin, in stroke prevention, 19
SIMVS (Scottish Intracranial Vascular Malformation Study), 92
Single arm ergometry, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Sleep apnea syndrome, stroke and, 26–27
Sling, for shoulder impairment, 166–167
Smoking
cessation of
for cerebral infarction prevention, 53–54
for stroke prevention, 25–26
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
subarachnoid hemorrhage risk due to, 101–102
Snoring, stroke and, 26–27
Societas Neurologica Japonica, in guideline development, 1, 3
Sodium, control of, in cerebral aneurysm repair, 109
SPAF III (Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III) trial, 65
SPARCL (Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels), 52–53, 76
Spastic talipes equinus, 159
Spasticity, rehabilitation for, 163–166
Speech disorders, rehabilitation for, 171–172
Speltzer and Martin classification, for arteriovenous malformations, 89
SPINAF (Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation) trial, 64–65
STA-MCA (superior temporal artery/middle cerebral artery) anastomosis, for moyamoya disease, 133–134
Standard Language Test of Aphasia, 171–172
Statins
for cerebral infarction prevention, 52–53
for cerebral infarction treatment, 37–38, 48
intracerebral hemorrhage and, 76
for stroke prevention, 20–22
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 143
for vasospasm, 114
Stents
for arterial dissection, 132
carotid artery, for cerebral infarction, 44, 70–72
Stereotactic radiotherapy
for arteriovenous malformations, 90, 123–124
for cavernous angiomas, 94–95
for dural arteriovenous fistula, 93
Stereotactic Treatment of ICH by Means of a Plasminogen Activator (SICHPA), 85
Steroids. See Corticosteroids
Streptokinase, for cerebral infarction, 34
Stress ulcers, in intracerebral hemorrhage, 81
Stroke. See also specific types
atherothrombotic, 31
cardioembolic, 31
incidence of, 7, 31
risk factors for, 7
types of, 7
Stroke care units, 8, 14–16
Stroke Impairment Assessment Set, for rehabilitation, 147–148
Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL), 52–53, 76
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III (SPAF III) trial, 65
Stroke Treatment with Ancrod Trial, 40
Stroke units, 8, 14–16
Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 100–115
classification of, 100–101
Hunt and Hess scale for, 100–101
incidence of, 100
mortality rate in, 100
prevention of, 101–102
prognosis for, 100
risk factors for, 101–102
severity of, 100–101, 106
temporal aspects of, 102
treatment of
conservative, 113–115
endovascular, 110–113
follow-up in, 112
initial, 102–105
perioperative management in, 109–110
procedures for, 108–109
selection of methods for, 106–107
timing of, 107–108
Subcortical hemorrhage, 83, 84–88
Sucralfate, for gastrointestinal bleeding, 12
Sulfinpyrazone, for cerebral infarction prevention, 60
Sunbathing, for osteoporosis, 177–178
Support services, for rehabilitation, 156
Supraglottic swallow, for dysphagia, 168–170
Surgical treatment. See also specific procedures
for antithrombotic-drug excess, 96–98
for arterial dissection, 131–133
for arteriovenous malformations, 89–90
for brain tumors, 96
for cavernous angiomas, 94–95
for cerebral infarction, 43–44
for dialysis-induced hemorrhage, 98–99
for dural arteriovenous fistulas, 92–93
for gait training, 159
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 84–88
for moyamoya disease, 133–134
for pituitary apoplexy, 96
for ruptured cerebral aneurysms, 107–110
for venous angiomas, 95–96
SUs (stroke units), 8, 14–16
Swallowing disorders
aspiration pneumonia prevention in, 68–69
rehabilitation for, 168–170
in stroke, 13–14
Swallowing provocation test, 168–170
Systemic lupus erythematosus, cerebral infarction and, 56–57
Syst-Eur study of dementia, 142
Takayasu arteritis, 140–141
Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy, in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 103
Task-oriented training, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Telmisartan
for cerebral infarction prevention, 51
for cerebral infarction treatment, 48
for stroke prevention, 17
Temporal artery/middle cerebral artery anastomosis, for moyamoya disease, 133–134
TENS (transcranial electric stimulation), for depressive state, 179–180
Thalamic hemorrhage, 84–88
Thermotherapy
for dysphagia, 168–170
for spasticity, 164
Thrombolytic therapy. See also specific drugs
for cerebral infarction
intraarterial, 35–36
intravenous, 32–35
for cerebral venous/venous sinus occlusion, 138–139
intracerebral hemorrhage due to, 96–98
for stroke, 10
transarterial, 35–36
Thrombophilia, cerebral infarction and, 58
Thrombosis
in cerebral infarction, 41–43
paradoxical, 136–138
prevention of, in intracerebral hemorrhage, 82
TIA. See Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Tibial nerve block, for gait training, 159–161
Ticlopidine
for cerebral infarction prevention, 5
intracerebral hemorrhage due to, 96–98
for transient ischemic attack
Timed Walk assessments, for rehabilitation, 147
Tirilazad, for cerebral infarction, 38–39
Tizanidine, for spasticity, 163–166
TNT (Treating to New Targets) trial, 21, 29
TOAST clinical study, of anticoagulants, 36–37
Todralazine, contraindicated, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 79
Tolperisone, for spasticity, 163–166
Transarterial thrombolytic therapy, for cerebral infarction, 35–36
Transcranial electric stimulation, for depressive state, 179–180
Transcranial ultrasonography, for cerebral aneurysms, 103–104
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, for spasticity, 163–166
Transient ischemic attack (TIA), 46–50
antiplatelet therapy for, 37–38
atrial fibrillation and, 55
Trapping
for arterial dissection, 132
of parent artery, for cerebral aneurysms, 108–109
Trazodone, for depressive state, 68, 179–180
Treadmill training, 159–160, 175–177
Treating to New Targets (TNT) trial, 21, 29
Triamcinolone acetonide, for shoulder impairment, 166–167
Triceps surae, cooling of, for spasticity, 164
Tricyclic antidepressants
after cerebral infarction, 68
for depressive state, 179–180
for urinary disturbances, 170–171
Triple-H therapy, for vasospasm, 114–115
Truncal artery stenosis, 61
Trunk bending exercises, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Trunk rotation, for hemispatial neglect, 173–175
Tumors, brain, intracerebral hemorrhage with, 96
UKPDS 34 trial, 19–20
Ulcers, gastric, in intracerebral hemorrhage, 81
Ultrasonography, transcranial, for cerebral aneurysms, 103–104
Underwater exercise, for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Unruptured cerebral aneurysms, 124–128
Unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations, 46
Upper limb impairment, rehabilitation for, 161–163
Urinary disturbances, rehabilitation for, 170–171
Urinary tract infections, in rehabilitation, 151
Urokinase
for cerebral infarction, 32–35
for cerebral venous/venous sinus occlusion, 138–139
for intracerebral hemorrhage, 86
US Cerebral Embolism Task Force, anticoagulant guidelines of, 36–37
Valsartan, for stroke prevention, 17, 18
Vascular cognitive impairment, rehabilitation for, 173–175
Vascular dementia, 142–143
Vascular stenosis/occlusion, asymptomatic, 121–123
Vasospasm, in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 110, 113–115
Venous angiomas, 95–96
Venous sinus occlusion, 46, 138–139
Ventilation, for intracerebral hemorrhage, 80
Ventilatory threshold, in decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Ventricular drainage, for cerebral infarction, 43–44
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt, for cerebral aneurysms, 113
Vertebral artery, dissection of, 132
Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation (VA-SPINAF) trial, 64–65
Vibratory stimulation, for hemispatial neglect, 173–175
Videofluoroscopic swallow examination, for dysphagia, 13–14, 68–69, 168–170
Visceral obesity
cerebral infarction and, 54–55
stroke and, 28–29
Visual search training, for hemispatial neglect, 173–175
Vitamin D, for osteoporosis, 177–178
Vitamin K
for moyamoya disease, 135
for warfarin excess, 96–98
Waist-to-hip circumference ratio, cerebral infarction and, 54–55
Walking. See also Gait training
for decreased physical fitness, 175–177
Wallenberg syndrome, 169
Warfarin
for arterial dissection, 130–131
for atrial fibrillation, 23–25
for cerebral infarction prevention, 51, 55–58, 63–67
for cerebral venous/venous sinus occlusion, 138–139
intracerebral hemorrhage due to, 96–98
for transient ischemic attack, 46–50
WASID trial, 51
Water swallowing test, for dysphagia, 13–14, 168–170
Western Aphasia Battery, 171–172
White matter lesions, asymptomatic, 118–120
World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies, subarachnoid hemorrhage classification of, 100
Wrapping, of cerebral aneurysms, 108–109
Wrist, impairment of, rehabilitation for, 161–163
Ximelagatran, for cerebral infarction, 32
Yi-gan san, for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, 143
Zoledronic acid, for osteoporosis, 177–178
Zonisamide, for central pain, 167–168
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