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Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UKUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Science, Liverpool, UKDepartment of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UKThe NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Liverpool, UK
Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UKUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UKUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Science, Liverpool, UKDepartment of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UKThe NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Liverpool, UK
We report the case of a 35-year-old male with COVID-19 encephalitis presenting as a stroke mimic with sudden-onset expressive and receptive dysphasia, mild confusion and right arm incoordination. The patient received thrombolysis for a suspected ischaemic stroke, but later became febrile and SARS-CoV-2 was detected in cerebrospinal fluid. Electroencephalography demonstrated excess in slow waves, but neuroimaging was reported as normal. Respiratory symptoms were absent throughout and nasopharyngeal swab was negative for SARS-CoV-2. At the most recent follow-up, the patient had made a full neurological recovery. Clinicians should therefore consider testing for SARS-CoV-2 in CSF in patients who present with acute focal neurology, confusion and fever during the pandemic, even when there is no evidence of respiratory infection.
This case demonstrates the complexities faced characterising neurological pathology during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with real-world clinical implications.
Case
A 35-year-old male presented with sudden-onset expressive and receptive dysphasia, mild confusion and right arm incoordination (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: 5). The patient had a medical history of migraines only, no regular medication and was a current smoker. Initial CT brain (Fig. 1A) showed no significant intracranial abnormalities and the patient received thrombolysis for a suspected ischaemic stroke. Symptoms resolved over 2 hours and post-thrombolysis CT (day 2, Fig. 1B) was reported as normal. Respiratory symptoms were absent, and admission nasopharyngeal swab was negative for SARS-CoV-2.
Fig. 1A) Day 1 CT Brain – Normal; B) Day 2 CT Brain- Normal, standard 24-hour post thrombolysis imaging; Day 3 MRI Head T2 (C) and FLAIR (D) – Normal; E) Day 5 MRA Head - normal with congenitally hypoplastic left A1 segment anterior cerebral artery- marked on image (incidental finding) (TOF image); F) Day 25 MRI Head T2 (F) and FLAIR (G) –Normal.
On day 3, the patient had right arm weakness and later developed expressive and receptive dysphasia, amnesia, headache and vomiting, followed by pyrexia 39.7°C. GCS remained 15/15 without evidence of meningism. MRI brain (day 3, Fig. 1C,D) was normal.
Lumbar puncture (day 4) had an opening pressure 24cm/H2O with clear CSF, white cell count 134 × 106/L(99% lymphocytes), red cell count 20 × 106/L, protein 0.52g/L and CSF:serum glucose ratio 3.7:5.1mmol/L (0.73). CSF culture was negative and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negative for Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae and several viruses including HSV, varicella zoster virus, enterovirus and parechovirus. However, PCR of the CSF was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, with identification of both the E gene (CT value 35.8) and S gene (CT value 35.7) (Altona RealStar SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Kit, Roche Flow system). MR angiogram brain (day 5, Fig. 1E) showed incidental congenitally hypoplastic left A1 segment of anterior cerebral artery. Pyrexia and amnesia persisted, but by day 8, the patient was deemed to have made a full recovery and discharged.
Follow-up MRI brain (day 25, Fig. 1F,G) was normal, and electroencephalography (day 34) demonstrated generalized slowing suggestive of encephalopathy, which was not otherwise explained. At outpatient follow-up (day 55), there were no ongoing neurological symptoms. Serum antibody testing did not detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Discussion
The differentiation of strokes and stroke mimics is a particular challenge in COVID-19 patients. Limited stroke risk factors, new seizures, acute or subacute encephalopathy and reduced GCS could suggest a stroke mimic.
Two main plausible routes of entry for SARS-CoV-2 to the central nervous system (CNS) are via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors located on epithelial cells of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and via retrograde axonal transport of peripheral neural pathways such as via the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity.
Numerous other CNS and systemic infections were excluded on culture and PCR. Non- infectious causes were excluded with brain imaging (CT, MRI and MRA brain). There are several potential reasons for negative nasopharyngeal PCR tests including reduced viral load, transient viral dissemination or collection and storage errors. Research has shown a median false negative rate of COVID-19 nasopharyngeal RT-PCR of 38% on the day of symptom onset and maximum COVID-19 replication in the throat seen 5 days after symptom onset.
Clinicians should therefore consider testing for SARS-CoV-2 in CSF in patients who present with acute focal neurology, confusion and fever during the pandemic, even when there is no evidence of respiratory infection.
Declaration
The patient gave consent for publication of his case in the medical literature.
Funding
IG and AV are supported by NIHR and MRC. BDM is supported to conduct COVID-19 neuroscience research by the UKRI/MRC (MR/V03605X/1); for additional neurological inflammation research due to viral infection BDM is also supported by grants from the MRC/UKRI (MR/V007181//1), MRC (MR/T028750/1) and Wellcome (ISSF201902/3). The funding sources had no role in the writing of this report or decision to submit the article for publication.
Declaration of Competing Interest
None
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the Regional Virus Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast for the diagnostics performed.
CoroNerve Study Group: Rachel Kneen, Sarah Pett, Naomi Thomas, Laura Benjamin, Tom Solomon, Nicholas Davies, Hadi Manji, Ava Easton, Michael Zandi, Jonathan Coles, Craig Smith, David Menon, Tim Nicholson, Beth Tenorio, Victoria Grimbly, Mustafa Sultan, Beth McCausland, Amy Ross Russell, Sarah Crisp, Peter Swann.
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